When a film sets itself in a clearly marked future it risks having the effect of announcing its sell-by date. And yet when you watch said film in the year it has been fictitiously set, two operations inevitably set in: you assess its many failures to imagine what your present day looks like, and then, if the film is any good, you have to concede that where it counts, it got some things dead right. Such is the experience of watching Richard Fleischer’s Soylent Green (1973) in 2022, the year in which the film is set. The uncanny (un)timeliness of the film is profoundly disturbing while at the same time deeply gratifying, as if hearing a voice from the past tell you that your daily anxiety about capitalist induced climate chaos is not only well justified, it has actually been anticipated for some time.
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Soylent Green never hit as big as some other sci-fi films of the era like 2001 (Stanley Kubrick, 1968) or Alien (Ridley Scott, 1979) and perhaps for good reason. Despite some A-list actors (Charlton Heston in the lead role of Thorn, an illiterate and corrupt cop with a heart of gold, and Edward G. Robinson in the final role of his career before succumbing to bladder cancer, as his ageing sidekick, Sol Roth), the special effects alone signal more of a B-grade movie. The orange hued ketchup blood and the souped up garbage trucks, outfitted with fearsome long-toothed front hoes amply allude to the tight budget within which they appear to have been working, as does the extremely low-tech futurism portrayed. But nor should this film be dismissed as a flop or even as low-brow ‘trash’.
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Soylent Green didn’t become a cult classic for nothing. Along with its B movie aesthetics, it proffers a powerfully resonant dystopian vision of the then future. At the time of its release, it was received with mixed reviews, with critics mostly noting that Charlton Heston’s acting appears to have improved (a fact to which I was insensible), or the powerful effect of watching Edward G. Robinson enact his own death, when in real life he died barely a week after shooting had wrapped. Some critics of the day note the entertainment value of the film and one critic, Penelope Gilliatt of the New Yorker expressed outright exasperation with regard to the passivity of both the women and the poor as depicted by the film (to which I can only heartily agree).
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What none of the critics writing in 1973 could have foreseen, however, is the near prophetic view of the absolute callousness of late capitalism wherein profit and the enrichment of the few at the expense of virtually everyone and everything else, reigns supreme. The idea that corporations will stop at nothing to maintain their profits may not have been unknown in 1973, but it surely hadn’t been instantiated as thoroughly as it has since the fall of the other counterbalancing superpower and its anti-capitalist forces.
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In the film the main crisis that drives the plot is overpopulation leading to significant food shortages, both issues as real and troubling today as in 1973. At the current tipping point of global warming, the population explosion tends to be a detail overshadowed by the incipient destruction of an habitable atmosphere, and of course many overpopulation arguments are irremediably tainted by racist misconceptions. What remains high on the list of concern is the question of food— namely, how to feed a planet full of people when the climate has become unpredictable and many industrial solutions developed over centuries of imperialist and capitalist exploitation (monocropping, overcoming ‘seasonality’ with complex global supply chains) are responsible for straining the planetary resources even further.
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Charles Braverman’s two and a half minute documentary montage that opens the film is a revelation in and of itself and worthy of sustained analysis. Beginning with sepia images of early American settlers, the montage unwittingly apportions blame correctly to the white settler colonists for the maddening pace of industrialisation and the demise of any balanced and respectful relationship with the lived environment. The montage quickly accelerates from its proto-Ken Burns Effect zooms and pulls to a frenzied barrage of cuts and dissolves with some nifty split screen effects that could not have been simple to produce at the time. Comprised exclusively of stills, it manages to convey the dizzying pace of development and its often unnoticed effects. Highways are choked with cars, factory chimneys belch black smoke, people crowd the streets in all reaches of the globe, as mountains of junked cars threaten to overtake the frame and garbage piles up in every corner. The sequence ends with the title of the film, quickly supplanted by the following information: The year: 2022; the place: New York City; the population: 40,000,000. The main problematic of the film is meant to be overpopulation, but the montage tells a more complicated story that includes every indication that climate chaos was already showing its distorted, tortuous, effects. There is even a frame that hints at corporate responsibility with a sliver of Esso’s logo visible, and another frame that tellingly has the word American emblazoned on a massive wrecking ball.
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The American Film Institute lists Soylent Green in 77^th place for most quoted line of dialogue—some of Heston’s last words which are also nearly the last words of the film: “Soylent Green is people!”. Without going into gruesome detail, suffice it to say that in the film Soylent is the name of the corporation producing food substitutes and “soylent green” is the name of one of their popular varieties of nutrition wafers that were meant to be made with plankton, but with the oceans dying, a more plentiful substitute to feed the world had to be found. In 2014 someone thought so well of this film that they named their meal replacement product ‘soylent,’ presumably in the belief that the film was so obscure that no one would realise the irony.
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Indeed, the only people who appear to be returning to this film in 2022 are conservative film critics and film nerds. Wesley Smith, writing for the National Review feels compelled to preface his comments about the film’s prescience with regard to climate change by opining that “if I hadn’t known when the movie was made, I might have mistaken these introductory images for an Al Gore–produced advocacy clip” or “whatever one thinks of anthropogenic climate change” this film gets it right.”¹ Tony Sokol writing for Den of Geek, appears to be so dismayed by the current popularity of meat substitutes, that he seems to liken them to the wafers in Soylent Green.² What those returning to the film in 2022 seem to agree upon is that it hits the nail of climate change right on its proverbial head. In fact, I might add that the focus on climate as the driver of change is more forthrightly posited in this film than in any popular genre film on the topic that I have seen.
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The film is no masterpiece to be sure, and there is plenty at which one may take offense (all of the women in the film, with the exception of the head book authority of the “Supreme Exchange”, are literally referred to as “furniture”, and are sold along with the lease in wealthy apartment buildings). They are essentially sex slaves for the rich, and while this is clearly meant to represent a dystopian world, the lives of rich men are portrayed as enviable. Alongside this obviously demeaning trophy sexism comes gratuitous racism: Thorn’s boss, who caves in to the pressures of corrupt senators, is Black.

Still, this film harbours an uncommonly clear message about climate change, overpopulation and over-consumption that is significantly watered down in the more recent ‘cli-fi’ films that have received so much more acclaim. Films like The Day After Tomorrow (Roland Emmerich, 2004) or the more recent Don’t Look Up (Adam McKay, 2021) did better at the box office and certainly the former and to a lesser extent the latter, was received with great fanfare and critical acclaim. TDAT has been credited with changing perceptions (especially in the US) about climate change. (Rust 2012) And yet, the latter two films pale in comparison. Both The Day After Tomorrow and Don’t Look Up fail miserably in the face of scientific fact and indulge in the type of individualism and fatalism that leads exactly nowhere in terms of the collective action required to head-off a global threat of this scale.
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Heston’s last words in Soylent Green are not  actually “Soylent Green is People” but rather the follow up collective demand: “We must stop them”. This collective call is precisely what is missing from the later attempts to bring popular cinema into the realm of cultural critique. Further, what all three of these films prove, sadly, is the inadequacy of popular commercial cinema to catalyse the necessary response to such a crisis. The effective cultural critique, which Soylent Green had the potential to be, TDAT pretended to be and DLU promised to be, is all too easily subsumed into grist for the entertainment mill, feeding the spectator the activist equivalent of soylent green wafers—"tasteless, odorless, crud”—unable to satisfy anything but the most basic individualist needs and most certainly incapable of nourishing and energizing the bold collective action necessary. Still, there is something to be said for a voice from nearly fifty years in the past speaking directly and viscerally to our deepest fears in the present.

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¹ Smith, Wesley J. (January 16, 2022). "What 1973's Soylent Green Accurately Predicted about 2022". National Review
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² Sokol, Tony (January 7, 2022). "Soylent Green Predicted 2022, Including Impossible Meat Substitutes". Den of Geek

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References
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Bass, George (9 January 2022) “In 1973, ‘Soylent Green’ envisioned the world in 2022. It got a lot right” https://www.washingtonpost.com/history/2022/01/09/soylent-green-2022-predictions/ Washington Post
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Rust, Stephen (2012) “Climate change and Hollywood” in Ecocinema and Climate Change, Rust, S., Monani, S., & Cubitt, S. eds (Taylor and Frances): 191-211
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Smith, Wesley J. (January 16, 2022). "What 1973's Soylent Green Accurately Predicted about 2022". National Review
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‍Sokol, Tony (January 7, 2022). "Soylent Green Predicted 2022, Including Impossible Meat Substitutes". Den of Geek

The version of this article published in Film Quarterly Quorum can be viewed here.

Still from Recollection (Kamal Aljafari, 2015)

Two films in one day, two archive dives yielding nothing but absence, yet yielding, in both cases and completely coincidentally, to the filmmakers’ will to be seen in the unseen. The archive is never a full load, it never fully returns the embrace, never adequately enlivens at the touch of a curious hand. It coyly withholds while holding out the promise of full satisfaction. There is only so much it will present, especially to unexpected suitors. When Alia Syed, a Pakistani-Scottish-British filmmaker, is offered a chance to make any film she wants drawing from the BBC Scotland archive, it is the archive that is surprised, not the artist. The artist knows she’s unlikely to find herself or her likeness amongst the thousands of hours of footage. She searches, dutifully, but will not find. The archive, however, is simply unprepared. It never imagined this moment, never had any image of her in its head. There are films aplenty, and even some about South Asian immigrants to Scotland, but they were never meant for her to see. They were meant for the people, the eternal hosts, the owners of the image. Who, it turns out, always had a very limited imagination, that did not figure on her active presence. She looks, she sees, she is profoundly unmoved. She nonetheless, in an indirect move of resistance, a deflection of sorts, decides to use other images, images of destabilization, slum clearances, homelessness, as well as images of weaving, spinning, cloth making, a trade that has no connection to her past save for a beloved lace tablecloth that she could not throw away as she clears her father’s house, a cloth bought and borne of Scotland, yet so much a part of her father’s house that she could not bear to part with it. So weaving and cloth, wending and wharfing, incessant machinations of industrial lace-making: the fullest extent to which the archive can be shaped to her needs. It gives in but without bending. By the end of this battle of wills, one intentional, the other institutional, in the last moments of the film, this filmmaker forces the archive to offer up the signs of its repressed images; she finds a little mixed race boy at the edge of a frame. A single shot of half a boy, a ghost who haunts the entire archive, insistent yet semi-obscured. He can only be a weak stand-in for all that the archive misses and misrepresents, meekly hovering at the edge of the frame, tentatively yet stubbornly announcing his presence, and this demi-world vision is enough to undermine the entire promise of the archive.

Kamal Aljafari takes an altogether different approach to the archive in his film Recollection.  Aljafari also mines the archive, though not one that has been purposely or publically collected. His archive is a wealth of fiction films made by Israeli directors, shot in his hometown of Jaffa. It turns out Jaffa was a favorite setting for Israeli films, so there’s no shortage of imagery. Jaffa provided the perfect backdrop to Israeli drama, giving them the aura of an historical presence in the land they had only recently settled. For the Israelis the problem was getting rid of traces of Arab life, still vibrant if muted in the city. For Aljafari, the problem was to recoup the traces that could never be fully erased and which press insistently at the corners and margins of the frame. He spots his aunt’s house, the local café, a family friend’s car. He scours these images in search of home, the very home the Israelis have tried with their fictions, as well as with their ideology, laws, and wrecking balls, so hard to destroy.

Like most fiction films, these Israeli films foreground their characters, yet the bodies of those actors interfered with Aljafari’s view. It’s as if he had to figure out a way to crane his vision to see past the action, around and behind the main event, as it were. He does this by digitally removing those in the path of his forensic sight. Using fairly basic technological tools—AfterEffects, mostly—Aljafari deftly disappears the Israelis, leaving mostly buildings and roads but also the occasional Palestinian, spotted from afar on a balcony, or in a doorway.

Against all odds, he even finds his uncle in one scene, looking literally lost, as he wanders haplessly across the frame. One wonders how his presence was justified within the film’s narrative, as (not unlike Syed’s little boy) he lurks eerily in view. With the Israeli’s disappeared, Aljafari reclaims the spaces of his childhood and young adulthood, his memories veritably reconstituted amidst the wreckage. He stages a cinematic return to a territory otherwise occupied, a reconnaissance tour of that which was never supposed to be seen.

In perhaps the most deft reversal ever effected in cinema, the digital intervention that up until now has been understood as the biggest threat to documentary authenticity, suddenly becomes its greatest ally, transforming otherwise fiction films into the indexical referent of documented Palestinian existence. Despite all odds, it allows Aljafari to exclaim “we are here!”, thus revealing the fiction of Israeli ‘history’ in that land and affirming the documentary truth that Israelis have gone to such lengths to deny.

The films were not screened together nor did I set out to see them both on that one single day. But the double viewing prompted me to consider the effects of the unintended archive, when the archive itself is subjected to treatment for which it had never been intended and the results transform the promise it holds out: exposing historical omissions, reversing wilful erasures and in the process, transforming historical fictions into stubborn and ineradicable fact.

Note: For a brilliant review of Recollection that makes a similar yet distinct argument, see Adania Shibli’s 8 April 2017 review in Ibraaz.

Footage openly criticizing Assad, from A Syrian Love Story (Sean McAllister, 2015)

Trigger Warning: this is a rant. I had not meant for my first blog post to reveal my more lacerating tendencies, but there you go. The screening of a much-lauded film in England about Syria that I felt compelled, or rather practically propelled, to see, prompted this admittedly provocative response. And for the record, I am about as fond of trigger warnings, as I am of the film about to be discussed.

Two things tempered my experience of watching A Syrian Love Story (Sean McAllister, 2015), both related to the filmmaker’s presence at the Bertha DocHouse screening I attended in London. The first was by way of introduction. The filmmaker wanted to thank his producer for all the work she had done on the project, having forgotten to do so in the initial screening of the film at the cinema that week. He self deprecatingly acknowledged that he was so busy pandering to the members of the audience affiliated with the BBC and the BFI that he simply forgot to mention her. He then introduced her solely by first name and described her as more his secretary than his producer. Following this inauspicious beginning, he proudly announced that he would have bought her flowers, but he’s from Hull and “boys from Hull” don’t buy women flowers. Not only had he endlessly gendered her contribution in typically derogatory ways (is this really how one treats one’s producer and if so, what does that say about the filmmaker himself?) but he further managed to denigrate it as if really all she had done was make his appointments and his coffee.

The second inauspicious remark was made in the Q+A after the film, where the filmmaker insisted proudly that no matter where he makes his films, Japan, Yemen, Syria, his primary audience is always the same: his mates back in Hull who don’t travel the world like he does. This may not sound like a damning indictment to all readers, but it smacks of precisely the islander provincialism that would allow for a film to be made about one of the most complex and intractable political and humanitarian crises unfolding today, in a way that very nearly bypasses those complexities in favour of a familiar generic mould that could console an ignorant viewer in Hull. Transform the tragedy of a failed revolution turned bloody civil war, into a personal tragedy of love, worn thin by the inchoate tensions of an indecipherable external world pressing in on an otherwise “normal” [read: “just like us”] household. The assumption is that the politics of the situation are beyond the grasp of the simple publicans of McAllister’s hometown, but that love and difficult relationships are something we can all understand.

Further, we learn early in the film that McAllister is a filmmaker in search of a subject and when he finds a suitably dramatic scenario (loving husband bringing up a family while wife is unjustly imprisoned by a despotic regime) he recklessly homes in on their personal lives, probing their inner emotions, soliciting responses to leading questions, captures incriminating footage (of the family openly criticising the Assad regime, for instance), endangering their lives to the point of forcing their flight from the country, and then in effect, contributing to the ruination of a delicate yet viable relationship. The style of interviewing consists of, in essence, dogging the family members in English, a language most can barely speak, to simply repeat (mimic) the words he provides them with in the first place, thus confirming his place as voice-giver to these otherwise inarticulate subjects. He plays therapist to a family in crisis, with none of the training nor the emotional maturity to do so. A boy from Hull, who can’t even bring himself to respect his own producer properly, grants himself the powerful position of peace-maker and arbiter of a family drama that so far exceeds the limits of his emotional intelligence as to be an act of aggression in and of itself.

Here we have the worst of the filmmaker-adventurer, who blithely and with all of the entitlement of a (former) imperialist culture, takes and exacerbates a family crisis all for the exalted goal of enlightening his ignorant friends back home. The worst part about it is that everyone, from his commissioning editor at Channel four, to the powerful decision makers on BBC1 who made the unprecedented decision to broadcast it there, not to mention the 4 stars given it by Mark Kermode in the Guardian, are contributing to the filmmaker’s own self-congratulatory belief that his film is indeed a great masterpiece fusing art (tragic love story, a la Romeo and Juliette) with geo-politics in a way the great and good, if somewhat naïve and unworldly, people of England can understand.

The problem isn’t with the great people of England per se, who may or may not need to pandering to such a degree, but with the condescension of the filmmakers and commissioning editors, who would prefer to distil a complicated and intractable situation down to a story of star-crossed lovers, doomed by external circumstances beyond their control. Was it even external circumstances beyond their control that forced the family to flee Syria in one night, with only a flimsy suitcase and no proper papers? Well, in a sense, yes.  If McAllister hadn’t gotten caught with the footage of the family still in his camera, they might have been able to stay in their home and had time to come to grips with their situation. Yet, given the risks this family had already undertaken as vocal critics of the regime even before the uprising and ensuing war, it is inconceivable to me that a filmmaker could add to the danger they already faced. Made that much further unimaginable by the fact that his continued filming was evidence of his implacable pursuit of his story—the unfolding drama, in part catalysed by his negligence and misplaced priorities—had to find its conclusion. Tragic or happy, it had to be resolved one way or the other and he would track them down wherever they might be (Lebanon, France, Turkey) I order to get the footage that would complete his story. More than once the subjects of the film question him as to why he is still there, filming them.

I have devoted my life to the documentary. I have made films and have studied others’ films. I write about, think about, and watch documentary during more of my waking hours than I can account for. Yet sometimes, when faced with films like this one, I hate the form. Documentary, thankfully, is so much more than this type of ambulance-chasing story-telling factory, needing human fodder to churn out gripping content in order to fill meaningless (if self-important) television programming hours. It can and often does do justice to the intricacies of history, to poetry, to life in general. It is the filmic form best suited for critique, defamiliarization, intellectual and ideological transformation. But when documentary goes for ratings, it generally does play to the simplistic formulas that palliate the fear of the other, transforming it into an anodyne reflection of ourselves—a reassuring message that no matter how different people may seem, we’re all the same in the end. Whether we are or are not all the same in the end, our circumstances are wildly different, as is our mode of expression. Imagine if Amer and Raghda, the couple at the heart of the film, could have expressed themselves in their native tongue, how much less naïve and basic they would have seemed. Yet that complexity had to be disallowed, in order for McAllister to tell a simple tale.

This is not an indictment of documentary per se. It is an indictment of the career documentarist who doggedly pursues people as if they are merely material for a story he can then, in effect, tell back at his local, over a pint. If you intend to point your camera at people, be sure that it is their lives, more than your career or your mates back home, that you are concerned with. Moreover, it strikes me that if there is any responsibility associated with the documentary filmmaker, it is precisely not to reduce their subjects to objects—mere matter for their message. There are so many ways to resist the formulaic and the simplistic, yet if opportunism is driving the filmmaker forward, as in this case, they are unlikely to make the effort to see what is actually there, preferring instead to shape the material into well-worn, familiar patterns.

Keywords: Documentary film, Documentary ethics, Sean McAllister, A Syrian Love Story